What are the most viable markets in the local geographic area? Which markets can be developed quickly? (Typically, it is tire-derived fuel and civil engineering). Does the local/state/federal government have a grant program for market development? A critical element in examining potential markets is determining the obstacles to these markets? Below is a quick view of possible obstacles (by market) for consideration.
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Obstacles to Tire Derived Fuel
Fuel Types/Supply
What other supplemental fuels are currently used in the target market? What type of fuels is the target industry currently using? If pulverized coal is the dominant fuel then TDF may not be a good fit. How many tires are available in the local market area? For example in the case of TDF, the target client may require one to three million scrap tires per year. Will the proposed business be capable of providing this amount of tires to the target client?
Acceptance of TDF
Who will be the sole responsible party for convincing management (end user) to begin using TDF? If so, how much is the target client paying for their main fuel supply? TDF will always have to be lower. Is the facility being paid to take any materials for fuel? If so, TDF typically cannot compete. Will the target client have to make substantial modifications to their existing operations to incorporate TDF? If so, who will pay for this modification (industry, government subsidy)? The acceptance of TDF can be a function of the feeding/monitoring system required. Most facilities do not have capital expenses calculated into their budget. Waiting for this expense to be budgeted can take two years. How long will it take for you and the target industry to obtain permits?
Opposition to TDF
Will opposition come from public concerns or competition? Is the facility in a nonattainment area for any regulated air pollutants? If so, what are the main emission criteria considerations? Compare those to the benefits of TDF, which has been found to lower nitrogen oxides.
Obstacles to Rubber Modified Asphalt
Is there a mix of roadway pavements in target market area (construction material, road surface material/style)? Have you determined the receptivity of the local department of transportation, public works departments and contractors for utilizing alternative pavements? The history of alternative pavements in the target market, the region and state will be a critical issue. The time lag between the initial contact with a potential user and sale of a pavement product could be as long as three to four years.
What about the supply of quality ground rubber? Can you provide this material? What other types of modifiers are the local roadway contractors using? What about the cost competitiveness of ground rubber versus other modifiers? Remember, quality and consistency of the ground rubber will be of paramount importance.
Obstacles to Civil Engineering Applications
Check with local regulations to determine the classification of a processed tire. Is it considered a solid waste or a beneficial use commodity? Do the present rules make it conducive for a smooth entry into the market? Have you determined the receptivity of the local departments of solid waste, water quality and health to the proposed civil engineering applications? What about state agencies? Have these applications been tested in the local target market area? If used previously, what were the results?
Standard Practice for the Use of Scrap Tires in Civil Engineering Applications:
This American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publication provides guidance for testing the physical properties and data for assessment of the leachate generation potential of processed or whole scrap tires in lieu of conventional civil engineering materials, such as stone, gravel, soil, sand or other fill materials. In addition, typical construction practices are outlined. This ASTM document (D--98) is available from the Rubber Manufacturers Association please see https://www.ustires.org/
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When it comes to shredding various materials, it is essential to use the right type of shredder to achieve optimal results. For instance, a high-speed chipper is ideal for shredding tree branches, while a granulator (rotary knife cutter) is best suited for processing plastics. However, for bulky plastic shapes, a shredder can be used as a first stage before granulation. For more heavy-duty applications such as shredding cars, a hammermill is often the preferred choice. In situations where versatility, minimal noise and dust are a priority, a twin-shaft shredder may be the optimal solution for effectively processing a wide range of waste materials.
Understanding the output size requirement will help in determining the type of equipment to install. Some facilities require the material to be separated, whereas others may need re-shredding and grinding. A single-pass shredder will cost less but if the material needs to be reduced to a very small size and compressed then compaction equipment may be required.
Choosing an industrial shredder to handle the correct capacity is important to the success of any installation. Capacity is typically expressed in pounds per hour and is determined by the physical size, weight (bulk density), and the amount of material to be shredded. The capacity may be limited by the cutting chamber size. Check the capacity rating carefully before purchasing the machine and allow for some excess capacity. Using a shredder with a maximum capacity too close to the desired capacity can lead to a shortened service life. However, over-sizing a shredder by a wide margin can lead to excessive power use and take up too much floor space.
Two basic feed types are common: manual and automatic. Manually fed shredders usually have a hopper and work by either hand feeding the material or using a fork lift to drop the material in. Automatic feeders or conveyors help optimize shredder performance by giving a constant and regular supply of materials to the shredder.
Portability, safety, and noise are concerns when selecting a shredder. Select the proper location for the shredder because it is not easy to move a machine weighing a half ton or more. Depending on the material, dust and other airborne particles can be an environmental hazard. Noise is another factor to consider as some shredders (such as hammermills) create more noise than others.
Shredders endure a great deal of stress and maintenance is necessary to keep them running efficiently. Cutters, blades, or hammers will wear under normal use and require sharpening, adjusting, or eventually replacing. Consider maintenance, repairs, and ease of obtaining replacement parts when choosing a manufacturer. Always evaluate the access location for maintenance when determining where to locate any equipment including your shredder.
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