CCOHS: High-Visibility Safety Apparel

What is High-Visibility Safety Apparel (HVSA)?

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High-visibility safety apparel (HVSA) is clothing (e.g., vests, bibs, or coveralls) that workers can wear to improve how well other people "see" them (their visibility). Most often, high-visibility clothing is worn to alert drivers and other vehicle operators of a worker's presence, especially in low light and dark conditions. High-visibility headwear can also be worn to increase the visibility of the wearer in situations where part or all of the wearer's body could be obscured (e.g., leaves/trees, traffic barriers, construction materials, etc.).

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Design requirements for high-visibility safety clothing are generally found in the CSA Standard Z96-15 (R), High-Visibility Safety Apperal. In the United States, the design requirements are outlined in the ANSI/ISEA 107- American National Standard for High-visibility Safety Apparel and Accessories.

Why do I need High-Visibility Safety Apparel?

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High-visibility safety apparel (HVSA) is needed if you work when there is low light and poor visibility, especially if you are working around moving vehicles (cars, trucks or other machinery traveling under their own power, such as , forklifts, backhoes, etc). High-visibility items allow you to be seen by the drivers of those vehicles from farther away so that they can respond accordingly, which increases your safety at work. The human eye responds best to large, contrasting, bright or moving objects. Worker visibility is enhanced by high colour contrast between clothing and the work environment against which it is seen.

When do I need High-Visibility Safety Apparel?

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Before selecting any high-visibility safety apparel, always confirm the legislative requirements for your jurisdiction. For example, certain tasks may require specific apparel.

The CSA Standard recommends that a hazard assessment be carried out on each job site to evaluate the workplace or work site for known or potential hazards a worker can encounter while performing a job or task. This assessment helps determine the risk to workers of being hit by moving vehicles and the environmental conditions under which work is performed. For more information about risk assessments, please see the OSH Answers document Risk Assessment.

When doing a hazard assessment where HVSA might be required, be sure to consider:

• The type and nature of the work:
• Do workers and mobile equipment need to interact?
• Are workers controlling traffic or interacting with the public?
•  Do workers need to be visually identifiable from others in the area?
• Are there industry specifications or good practices?
• Potential exposures to heat or flames.
• Work conditions, such as indoor or outdoor work, temperature, work rates, traffic flow, traffic volume, visibility, etc.
• The workplace environment and the background workers must be seen in (e.g., is the visual area behind the workers simple, complex, urban, rural, highway, filled with equipment, cluttered).
• How long the worker is exposed to various traffic hazards, including traffic speeds.
• Lighting conditions and how the natural light might be affected by changing weather (e.g., sunlight, overcast sky, fog, rain, or snow).
• Factors that affect warning distances and times, such as the volume of traffic, the size of vehicles, their potential speeds, the ability to stop quickly, and surface conditions.
• Current controls (e.g., engineering controls such as barricades or administrative control such as training).
• Any distractions that could draw workers attention away from hazards.
• The sightlines of mobile equipment and vehicle operators, especially when vehicles are operated in reverse.

Once the hazards are identified,  the employer can select appropriate  controls. It is important to eliminate or reduce the hazards using engineering (e.g., physical barriers) and administrative controls (e.g., work during daylight hours). High-visibility apparel is considered to be personal protective equipment, and can be used in addition to other controls.

Can I add a logo or name tag to the High-Visibility Apparel?

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It depends. According to the CSA Standard, a non-retroreflective identification (ID) badge must be smaller than 105 cm2 and if it is on the front of the garment, can only cover 25 cm2 of either or both of the vertical striping. If the ID badge is on the back, it cannot cover any of the striping. If the ID badge is made of retroreflective striping that meets the requirements of the standard, then the badge can be up to 500 cm2 and be placed anywhere, but should not obscure the pattern of the retroreflective striping.

If the CSA Standard is not specifically referenced in the legislation that applies to your jurisdiction, it is recommended that you contact the government department responsible for occupational health and safety to confirm that alterations are acceptable.  

What is the difference between fluorescent and retroreflective materials?

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Fluorescent material takes a portion of invisible ultraviolet light from sunlight, and through special pigments, sends it back to the viewer as more visible light. This material only functions where there is a source of natural sunlight. Fluorescent material will appear brighter than the same coloured non-fluorescent material, especially under low natural light (e.g., cloud cover, fog, dusk, dawn, etc.). This property offers daytime visibility enhancement that is not present with other colours. These materials enhance daytime visibility, especially at dawn and dusk. Fluorescent colours provide the greatest contrast against most backgrounds.

Retroreflective material is created to return light in the direction of the light's source. This property will let a driver or equipment operator see the light being reflected from the retroreflective material on a person's garment (as long as the person is standing in the light's beam). Retroreflective materials are most effective under low-light level conditions. While retroreflective materials can still reflect in the daylight, there is little difference between the light reflected from the garment's material and the surrounding environment. This lack of contrast makes retroreflective materials ineffective for enhanced visibility during (sunny) daytime conditions. There are two levels of retroreflective material.

In contrast, reflective materials bounce light off its surface. While the term "reflective" is not used in the CSA standard, it is typically defined as a material or object that has the ability to "throw back" light. Most surfaces are already light reflective.

Combined-performance retroreflective material is a retroreflective material that is also a fluorescent material. Not all retroreflective materials are fluorescent, nor all all fluorescent materials are retroreflective.

What should I look for in High-Visibility Safety Apparel?

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Coverage/Visibility:

• Bright garments are more visible than dull ones. Coverage all around the body (360° full body coverage) provides better visibility in all viewing directions.
• Stripes of colours that contrast (have a distinct colour difference) with the background material can provide increased visibility. Stripes on the arms and legs can also provide visual clues about the motion of the person wearing the garment.
• When background material is bright-coloured or fluorescent material, it can increase visibility, but it does not provide retroreflective properties.
• Other requirements such as flame resistance, thermal performance, water resistance, durability, comfort, tear-away features, material breathability, and flexibility may be required bases on other hazards present.

Employers should select the colour and stripe combination that provides the preferred contrast, visual indication of movement, and direction of travel.

Fit:

• For safety and best performance, garments should fit the person. Proper fit includes wearing the garments as intended and considering any additional clothing worn underneath the high-visibility apparel. The garments should sit correctly on the body and stay in place during work.
• The apparel should be comfortable to wear. Any seams and materials should not cause discomfort or irritation to the wearer (e.g., no sharp edges or projections, no rough material). The apparel should also be of appropriate weight, and provide adequate stretch and flexibility.
• Garments should be selected and worn so that no other clothing or equipment covers the high-visibility materials (e.g., backpacks, glove gauntlets, equipment belts, and high-cut boots).

Brightness:

• Daylight - Bright colours are more visible than dull colours under daylight conditions (e.g. fluorescent materials are suitable for daylight).
• Low light conditions - Fluorescent colours are more effective than bright colours under low light (e.g. dawn and dusk). Under these conditions, reflective materials are also suggested.
• Dark conditions - Retroreflective material provides greater visibility and are preferred over bright colours alone under low light conditions. As fluorescent materials require natural light, they are ineffective at night or when no natural light is present.  

Design:

To comply with the CSA Standard, any high-visibility safety apparel must meet the following criteria for the stripes/bands:

1. A minimum width of 50 mm.
2. A waist-level horizontal stripe/band that goes completely around the body at the navel or belly button.
3. Two vertical stripes on the front passing over the shoulders and down to the waist.
4. A symmetric "X" on the back extending from the shoulders to the waist.
5. For Class 3 apparel, stripes/bands encircling both arms and both legs are added.

Colour:

For all classes, the CSA Z96-15 (R), High-Visibility Safety Apparel Standard specifies both the colour of the background and the stripes/bands. For example, class 1 apparel (e.g., harness style) must have a minimum of 0.14 metres squared of background material, while for class 2 and class 3 apparel, full coverage of background material is required. Background material can be fluorescent yellow-green, fluorescent orange-red, fluorescent red  bright yellow-green, or bright orange-red.

Care/Maintenance:

• Keep high-visibility apparel clean and well-maintained. Contaminated or dirty retroreflective materials provide lower visibility.
• Replace garments that show signs of wear and tear, soiling, or contamination as it will no longer be able to provide acceptable levels of visibility.

Purchasers of high-visibility apparel should get proof that the materials used, and the design of the garment meet the requirements of the CSA Z96-15 Standard. Generally, the garment&#;s tag will state if it meets the requirements.

What are the different classes of safety apparel?

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The CSA Standard Z96-15, High-Visibility Safety Apparel sets out levels of retroreflective performance (i.e., the effectiveness of material in returning light to its source), the colours and luminosity of background materials, and how much of the body that should be covered by the high-visibility components. There are also special requirements for garments that also need to provide electrical flash and flame protection. Note that although specifications for apparel classes are similar to those in ANSI/ISEA 107, these CSA classes differ in that they specify body coverage rather than minimum areas.

CSA lists three classes of garments based on body coverage provided. Each class covers the torso (waist to neck) and limbs according to the minimum body coverage areas specified for each class.

• Class 1 provides the lowest recognized coverage and good visibility.
• Class 2 provides moderate body coverage and superior visibility.
• Class 3 provides the greatest body coverage and visibility under poor light conditions and at great distance.

Details for each of the classes are listed below. For more details on the exact specifications, please refer to the Standard. (Note: While the Standard does not set out the requirements for high-visibility apparel for specific jobs, it does provide some examples of jobs where the different classes may be appropriate.)

When would I wear the different classes of High-Visibility Safety Apparel?

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Low Risk: Class 2, Class 1 under certain conditions

Low risk situations may include:

• Workers performing activities that permit their full and undivided attention to approaching traffic.
• When there is ample separation between workers on foot and traffic or other mobile equipment.
• When work backgrounds are not complex, allowing for optimal visibility.
• When vehicles do not exceed 40 km/h (25 mph).
• When workers are doing tasks that divert their attention from approaching traffic.

Examples of jobs include:

• Workers directing vehicle operators to parking or service locations.
• Workers retrieving shopping carts in parking areas.
• Workers in warehouse operations.
• "Right-of-Way" or sidewalk maintenance workers.
• Workers in shipping or receiving operations.

Figure 1
Example of Class 1 Apparel
Harness or Colour/Retroreflective Stripes on Other Clothing

NOTE: Other options are possible, including a shirt made of non-high-visibility material, but with high-visibility or retroreflective stripes/bands.

Medium Risk: Class 2 or 3 based on certain conditions

Medium risk situations may include:

• When vehicles or equipment are moving between 40-80 km/h (25-50 mph).
• Workers who require greater visibility under inclement weather conditions or low light.
• When work backgrounds are complex.
• When workers are performing tasks that divert attention from approaching vehicle traffic.
• When work activities are in closer proximity to vehicles (in or near flowing vehicle traffic).

Examples of jobs include:

• Roadway construction, utility, forestry or railway workers.
• Manufacturing, plant, or mill workers.
• Survey crews.
• School crossing guards.
• Parking and toll gate workers.
• Airport baggage handlers and ground crews.
• Emergency response personnel.
• Members of law enforcement.
• Accident site investigators.
• Railway workers.

Figure 2
Examples of Class 2 Apparel
Vests, Jackets and Bib overalls

NOTE: These examples are not the only options available and are shown for example purposes.

High Risk: Class 2 for daytime, Class 3 for low-light conditions

High risk situations may include:

• Vehicle speeds exceeding 80 km/h (50 mph).
• Workers on foot and vehicle operators have high task loads that clearly place the worker in danger.
• When the wearer must be conspicuous through the full range of body motions at a minimum of 390 m (1,280 ft).
• Work activities taking place in low light or at nighttime.

Examples of jobs include:

• Roadway construction workers.
• Utility workers.
• Survey crews.
• Mine workers.
• Emergency responders.
• Road assistance or courtesy patrols.
• Flagging crews.
• Towing operators.

Figure 3
Examples of Class 3 Apparel
Jackets and Overalls

NOTE: These examples are not the only options available and are shown for example purposes.

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From CSA Standard Z96-15.

What should worker training include?

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As with any personal protective equipment, workers must receive appropriate training in the use and care of the equipment. Workers wearing high-visibility apparel should know the following information:

1. When to use the high-visibility apparel.
2. Fitting instructions, including how to put on and take off the apparel, if relevant.
3. The importance of using and wearing the apparel as intended.
4. Limitations of use.
5. How to store and maintain the apparel correctly.
6. How to check for wear and tear.
7. How to clean or decontaminate the apparel correctly, with complete washing or dry-cleaning instructions.

• Fact sheet last revised: -12-17

Contents

Introduction

Care instructions are small solutions to big problems. Care labels provide guidelines to consumers about apparel care, and the best cleaning procedures to be used for a particular combination of fabric, thread decoration and construction techniques. Following the instructions on the care labels is an assurance that the appearance and fit of the garment will be maintained after repeated cleaning treatments.

From a manufacturer&#;s point of view, damage to garments from incorrect cleaning methods can lead to complaints; costly customer returns and a bad image. Whereas accurate and clearly written care labels can prevent customer dissatisfaction. From a consumer&#;s point of view, accurate and clearly written care instructions serve as a cleaning guide and influence purchase. Garments with ease of care are often preferred over garments with complicated or difficult to understand care procedures.

Many different care labelling systems have evolved over the world. Some have been established as a governmental regulation, while others are international standards. Not all of them however, are mandatory.

This Bulletin Post is a comprehensive guide to the different care labelling systems, their usage and the newly developed Fabric Performance Codes.

 

Lesser Known Facts About Care Labels

• The country where the garment is sewn is the country of origin listed on the care label
• Care labels must be permanently attached so that they are easily accessible to the consumer at the point of purchase. Generally, it is placed on the side or bottom
• The manufacturer or importer who directs production is responsible for the accuracy of care instructions
• A product may be imported without a care label, but it must be attached before the product is sold

Care Labelling Systems

There are five care labelling systems which are generally used on care labels. These systems are:

• The International Care Labelling System
• The Japanese Care Labelling System
• The Canadian Care Labelling System
• The European Care Labelling System
• The American Care Labelling System

The International Care Labelling System

The International Association for Textile CareLabelling (GINETEX) is the world body which governs care labels since .

Member nations of GINETEX are Belgium, France, Germany, England, Netherlands, Israel, Austria, Switzerland, and Spain.

Its objectives are to:

• Inform consumers on the correct care labelling of textiles through a system of uniform and simple care labelling symbols, independent of language
• Achieve and promote voluntary care labelling on an international basis through the uniform symbols of GINETEX, thus avoiding the use of different systems

The GINETEX care labelling system is based on the following principles:

• The care symbols provide information on the maximum permitted type of treatment
• The care symbols must always be used in full and in the prescribed sequence
• The care labelling must be clear, readily understandable, easy to use and not dependent on any particular language
• The care symbols must not leave room for possible misinterpretation by the consumer
• Uniform positioning of labels and harmonised use of the care symbols
• The uniform care labelling system using symbols must take account of consumer habits without using complex technical data
• The appliances used for textile care purposes must ensure the best possible implementation of the recommended care treatment
• Adaptations which are necessary to keep up with ongoing technical and economic developments must as far as possible be made without the use of new symbols and additions in the framework of the existing system

Five basic symbols are used in the International care labelling system in this order:

Note: The symbols for the International Care Labelling System are the same as those listed in the European Care Labelling System.

The Japanese Care Labelling System

The Japanese system, like other care labelling systems must have symbols placed in a specified order. Labels should be designed based on the following convention:

• Symbols should be arranged from left to right according to the following sequence: 1) Washing, 2) Bleaching, 3) Ironing, 4) Dry-Cleaning, 5) Wringing & 6) Drying
• For coloured products which are not usually bleached, the symbol for possibility of chlorine bleached may be omitted
• For products which are not usually ironed, the symbols for ironing may be omitted. (Except &#;cannot be ironed&#;)
• For products which can be washed with water, the symbols for dry-cleaning may be omitted. (Except &#;cannot be dry-cleaned&#;)
• The symbols should be either in black or dark blue whereas the prohibition symbols are in red and on a white background

Washing (with water) Machine washable in maximum water temperature of 95°C Machine washable at slow water current or gentle hand wash in maximum water temperature of 40°C Machine washable in maximum water temperature of 60°C Machine washable at slow water current or gentle hand wash in maximum water temperature of 30°C Machine washable in maximum water temperature of 40°C Should be washed gently by hand (not machine washable)
Cannot be washed with water Bleaching Chlorine-based bleaching allowed Do not use chlorine-based bleach Ironing Should be ironed at a temperature between 180°C &#; 210°C Cannot be ironed Should be ironed at a temperature between 140°C &#; 160°C May be ironed at 180°C &#; 210°C if a cloth is placed between iron and garment Should be ironed at a temperature between 80°C &#; 120°C Dry Cleaning Can be dry cleaned
Use solvent of perchloroethylene or of petroleum based solvent Cannot be dry cleaned Can be dry cleaned
Use only a petroleum based solvent Wringing Wring gently by hand or for a short time by centrifugal hydroextractor Cannot be wrung Drying Hang dry Lay flat to dry Hang dry in shade Lay flat to dry in shade

Note:

The Canadian Care Labelling System

Until July care labelling was not a legal requirement in Canada. After this date a new care labelling system was introduced. The new Canadian care symbol system used green (go ahead), amber (caution), and red (don&#;t try) with five symbols which were wash tub, bleach triangle, square dryer, iron, and dry cleaning circle. In the Canadian system was updated to harmonise with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and (ISO) standards, and the colour code was discontinued.

The European Care Labelling System

Individual committees of the European Union are reviewing existing care label standards by collaborating with other international bodies so that they can create a unified system under the ISO scheme.

The symbols used in Europe are trademarked by GENETEX and a trademark fee needs to be paid to GENETEX, the trademark holder, if the garments are to be sold in a GENETEX country.

 

A correct care label for European countries is required to consist of at least four and sometimes five symbols in the following sequence: 1) Washing, 2) Bleaching, 3) Ironing, 4) Dry-Cleaning & 5) Drying.

Washing Process Maximum temperature 95°C
Mechanical action normal
Rinsing normal
Spinning normal Maximum temperature 40°C
Mechanical action normal
Rinsing normal
Spinning normal Maximum temperature 95°C
Mechanical action reduced
Rinsing at gradually decreasing temperature (cool down)
Spinning reduced Maximum temperature 40°C
Mechanical action reduced
Rinsing at gradually decreasing temperature (cool down)
Spinning reduced Maximum temperature 70°C
Mechanical action normal
Rinsing normal
Spinning normal Maximum temperature 40°C
Mechanical action much reduced
Rinsing normal
Spinning normal
Do not wring by hand Maximum temperature 60°C
Mechanical action normal
Rinsing normal
Spinning normal Maximum temperature 30°C
Mechanical action much reduced
Rinsing normal
Spinning reduced Maximum temperature 60°C
Mechanical action reduced
Rinsing at gradually decreasing temperature (cool down)
Spinning reduced Hand wash only
Do not machine wash
Maximum temperature 40°C
Handle with care Maximum temperature 50°C
Mechanical action reduced
Rinsing at gradually decreasing temperature (cool down)
Spinning reduced Do not wash
Be cautious when treating in wet stage Bleaching Process Chlorine-based bleaching allowed.
Only cold and dilute solution. Do not use chlorine-based bleach Ironing Process Iron at a maximum sole-plate temperature of 200°C Iron at a maximum sole-plate temperature of 110°C
Steam-ironing may be risky Iron at a maximum sole-plate temperature of 150°C Do not iron
Steaming and steam treatments are not allowed Dry Cleaning Process Dry-cleaning in all solvents normally used for dry-cleaning &#; this includes all solvents listed for the symbol P, plus trichloroethylene and 1,1, 1-trichloroethane Dry-cleaning in trifluorotrichloroethane, white spirit (distillation temperature between 150°C and 210°C, flash point 38°C to 60°C)
Normal cleansing procedures without restrictions. Dry-cleaning in tetrachloroethylene, monofluorotrichloro methane and all solvents listed for the symbol F
Normal cleansing procedures without restrictions Dry-cleaning in the solvents listed in the previous paragraph. Strict limitations on the addition of water and / or mechanical action and / or temperature during cleaning and / or drying
No self-service cleaning allowed Dry-cleaning in the solvents listed in the previous paragraph. Strict limitations on the addition of water and / or mechanical action and / or temperature during cleaning and / or drying
No self-service cleaning allowed Do not dry-clean
No stain removal with solvents Drying Process Tumble dry possible
Normal drying cycle Do not tumble dry Tumble dry possible
Drying at lower temperature setting

The American Care Labelling System

According to the Federal Trade Commission&#;s Care Label rule, care labels may be composed of either words or symbols. Irrespective of whether the content is words, symbols, or both, care instructions appear in the following order:

1. Machine wash / hand wash / dry-clean
2. Washing temperature (hot / warm / cold)
3. Washing machine programme (delicate / permanent press / normal cycle)
4. Bleaching instruction (do not bleach / non-chlorine bleach / chlorine bleach)
5. Drying method (tumble dry / line dry / flat dry / drip dry)
6. Ironing (do not iron / cool iron / warm iron / hot iron)
7. Warnings

In addition to the care label instructions, manufacturers and importers must provide labels that:

• Are permanently attached so that they can be easily seen at the point of sale. If the product is packaged, displayed or folded so that the customers cannot find the label, care information must also appear on the side of the package or on a hang tag
• Remain fastened and legible during the useful life of the product
• Mention the regular care needed for the ordinary use of the product
• Warn the customer about additional factors which may harm the garment

Since December , a new system using only symbols and no words has been used in the United States of America. The revised care symbols developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with their meanings are listed below.

Symbols used in the American Care Labelling System (ASTM Symbols)

Fabric Performance Codes

The Premiere Vision Performance Codes were created to highlight specific properties or qualities of the fabric. These are value-added characteristics of the fabric which may or may not be visible to the buyer.

Premiere Vision has created 24 pictograms that are listed below with their meanings:

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Premiere Vision Fabric Performance Codes

Symbol Name Organic
A fabric with a majority of certified-organic natural fibres (cotton, wool, silk, linen). Recycled
A fabric with a majority of recycled fibres, either natural or synthetic (principally cotton, wool, linen, polyester, polyamide or silk). Eco-friendly finishing
Dyes and treatments respecting the strictest international standards (regarding laundering, the absence of heavy metals, water conservation, pollution-reduction). Garment washable
A textile designed to stand up to garment washings and wash-out treatments. Responsible Production
Fabric whose manufacturing is environmentally responsible, and/or integrates fair trade principles and respect for human labour. Wind-Proof
Property of a fabric that consists of blocking wind; through a weave, impregnation or membrane. Chlorine Resistant
Property of a fabric to resist chlorine products, either in the course of its production cycle or during use, thanks to the employment of speci&#;c &#;bres or dyes (resistance to pool water and to chlorine-water stains, control of the level of bleaching). Natural Stretch
A fabric that stretches in the warp and/or the weft, which regains its initial dimensions after stretching. Property obtained without the use of elastane or lyrca, by a mechanical retraction of the yarn, or by chemically treating the
fabric. Mono-Stretch
A fabric that stretches in the warp or the weft, and which regains its initial dimensions after stretching. This property is obtained through the use of elastane, textured yarns or yarns of an elastic nature. Bi-Stretch
A fabric that stretches in the warp and the weft, and which regains its initial dimensions after stretching. This property is obtained through the use of elastane, textured yarns or yarns of an elastic nature. Easy-Care
Property of a fabric aimed at easing its domestic use. Fast Drying Fabric
Property of a fabric permitting quick drying thanks to the specificity of its fibres and/or its structure, and/or a hydrophobic treatment. Water-Repellent
Finishing process which enables a fabric to resist penetration by water in its liquid form, by oil or dirt. Liquids run off the fabrics without penetrating it. Water-Proof
Property of a fabric which stops water going through. Breathable-Waterproof
Property of a fabric which stops liquid water going through but allows perspiration to exit. Breathing
Property of a fabric that consists of wicking humidity from the body to the exterior thanks to fibres properties and/ or properties inherent in its structure. A dry micro-climate can thus be maintained between skin and clothing. Coating
Finishing process which deposits a specific product on the surface of a fabric to give it special qualities. Membrane
Very thin synthetic film, bonded onto a fabric, either freely inserted or laminated, to give it water and wind proofing whilst retaining breathability. Multi-Layer
Cloth obtained by a bonding process of two or more materials, each with its distinct properties. Double-Face
Cloth presenting two different sides; each with its specific function. Climatic
Property of a fabric that controls the temperature of the fibre in order to protect the body from exterior climatic conditions &#; whether they are hot or cold. Thermal
Property of a cloth which regulates the temperature of a fibre in order to retain a dry and warm micro-climate between skin and garment in order to avoid body chill. Fleece
Type of double-knit bouclé knit, intensely raised on one face or on both, producing a fleece effect. Stain-Resistance
Finishing treatment intended to prevent dirt from attaching to fibres. Anti-UV
Function added to a fabric via a special treatment of the fibre and blocking the UV rays that are dangerous to the skin with a protection factor of over 30. Anti-Bacterial
Chemical process applied to a cloth to stop the development of bacteria caused by perspiration. High-Resistance
Property of a fabric to resist tearing and/or abrasion, through the use of high tenacity fibres. Reflecting
Property of a cloth that reflects the light. This term includes fluorescents, phosphorescents and retroreflexive.